Flawed Method At The Heart Of Scientific Communication

Peer Reviewed Journal Articles -A flawed method at the heart of scientific communication The publication of scientific work lies at the core of scientific communication [1]. Scientists communicate their new research or studies to their audience by publishing their work in scholarly journals and books. Moreover, students of science and other disciplines that are not from the area of expertise and that are unfamiliar with the given topic must be able to trust in the credibility of articles published in journals and books. A common process that controls the high quality of scientific publication is called ‘peer review’, which ensures that the published work has met the specific standards of a given discipline, a process that usually begins†¦show more content†¦A survey conducted by Ware showed that a majority of authors (91%) believed that peer review led to significant improvements in their last published paper [13]. More than half of them agreed that the peer review effectively identified weaknesses and flaws in their manuscript (i.e. scientific errors, language and poor reference) [13]. Peer-reviewed journal articles are credible be cause experts deem the information therein to be error free and unlikely to be wrong. For example, in July 2012, a team of scientists from European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) announced a discovery of a particle matching the property of Higgs boson predicted by the standard model of physics [14*]. Initially, CERN was unsure whether the newly discovered particle is actually the Higgs boson, probably because the model physics only has one undiscovered particle remaining [15]. After CERN’s announcement, two papers describing their finding were submitted to a journal Physics Letters B. In September 2012, both papers passed peer review and are accepted as being actual science. Condliffe said in his article that now the researchers are confident in their findings and it would be a rare chance for this new discovery to be wrong [16]. This example shows that peer review reduces the uncertainty involved in scientific work. Although all the science contains uncertainty and how to communicate such uncertainty is always the biggest problem for scientists [19], peer

The Decameron Was A Collection Of Bawdy And Serious Tales...

Professor Mark Bocija, History 1111 Rezvan Ngalla November 16, 2015 The Decameron- Black Death. The Decameron was a collection of bawdy and serious tales written by Boccaccio. Boccaccio was most likely born in Florence or Certaldo and was the illegitimate son of a wealthy Florentine merchant, Bocacino di Chellino. As a youth he was trained to follow in his father s business but he eventually chose instead to study canon law and subsequently pursued the arts. It is a combination of Greek words for ten and day. According to Frankforter, the Decameron is a fictive record of a hundred stories that ten Florentine men and women told to entertain themselves while they hid from the plague in the comfort of a luxurious house (Frankforter, pg. 348). The one hundred allegorical stories are shared through the narrative voices of these young people as they spend their nights regaling the company with tales from the erotic, sensual, and bawdy to the intellectual, philosophical or tragic. The narrative s fundamental theme is of struggle between life and death in the face of the Black Plague and the various ways life continues in spite of traditional moral attitudes and beliefs. While primarily a work of fiction, the Introduction to The Decameron has emerged as an important historical record of the physical, psychological, and social effects of the aggressive spread of the previously unknown Yersina pestis bacteria. It provides a significant philosophical insight into the medieval psycheShow MoreRelatedThe Decameron Was A Collection Of Bawdy And Serious Tales Written By Boccaccio1006 Words   |  5 Pages2015 The Decameron- Black Death. The Decameron was a collection of bawdy and serious tales written by Boccaccio. Boccaccio was most likely born in Florence or Certaldo and was the illegitimate son of a wealthy Florentine merchant, Bocacino di Chellino. As a youth he was trained to follow in his father s business but he eventually chose instead to study canon law and subsequently pursued the arts. It is a combination of Greek words for ten and day. According to Frankforter, the Decameron is a fictive

Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports - 1078 Words

Performance-enhancing drugs in sports: A literature review A number of prominent athletes have recently experienced a fall from grace, because of the revelation that they used performance-enhancing drugs. Perhaps the most famous example of this phenomenon is Lance Armstrong. In an advertisement for Nike that his former sponsor now no doubt regrets, Armstrong is shown asking the viewer what am I on? Im on my bike, busting my ass six hours a day. Professional cycling is often cited as one of the sports in which doping is most endemic to its subculture, however a number of professional sports have been embroiled in drug scandals. Because of the many revelations about the number of baseball players who used steroids to get their record-breaking statistics, the 1990s are often called the steroid era of baseball. The Olympic track and field star Marian Jones was stripped of her medals, after finally admitting to the use of performance-enhancing drugs (Lardon 2008). Despite the health risks, and despite the regulating bodies attempts to eliminate d rugs from sport, the use of illegal substances is widely known to be rife. It hardly raises an eyebrow now when some famous athlete fails a dope test (Savulescu, Foddy, Clayton 2004). The benefits of using some types of performance-enhancing drugs are obvious. Professional athletes have a very short shelf life as competitors in most sports and must cash in on their talents as soon as possible. For Olympic athletes, theShow MoreRelatedPerformance Enhancing Drugs For Sports1227 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs Sport records are becoming harder   to break and seeing records are starting to become a thing of the past.. Players aren’t being able to hit these home runs or score long touchdown’s. Injured   players are getting kicked off the team or even quit because they can’t get to their peak performance that they were at before they got injured.   If more players were to use performance enhancing drugs they would be able to compete to the performance of past players. A performanceRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Sports Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports A tremendously large problem in sports is whether or not athletes should be able to use performance enhancing drugs. To most people, it doesn t make any sense for athletes to be using them. They have to know what affect it has on their body not only physically, but also mentally. Around the early 2000’s is when all this starting coming up and it has made a dramatic impact on the sports world. The few people who want performance-enhancing drugs in sports don’tRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports1686 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Athletes use performance enhancing drugs to boost their game. The professionals who use these drugs are ruining the integrity of the game. Many people don’t understand why professional athletes would go to such extreme measures to be better when they have already proven themselves. Athletes are just taking away from their natural ability by using these dangerous drugs. The risk of using performance enhancing drugs is a lot greater than the reward, because anRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports1207 Words   |  5 PagesThe growth and use of performance enhancing drugs makes them no longer a taboo subject among professional athletes, and is starting to become in fact rampant among athletes. There appears to be no end in sight when leagues like the NFL and NCAA have weak testing programs. Traditional locker rooms in the NFL have a few steroid users and have many HGH abusers due to the NFL’s weak testing programs. HGH has become a rampant issue for the NFL, because it allows the average NFL player to gain an edgeRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports527 Words   |  2 Pagesuse of performance-enhancing steroids in sports is forming a problem. The sports that they play end up being cheated by these frauds. This is a disgusting epidemic. For example, â€Å"The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recently estimated that over half of a million 8th through 10th grade students are abusing AAS, and that many high school seniors do not believe their use constitutes a health risk† (steroidabuse.com). The problem exists in professional sports and below. Steroid use in sports is becomingRead MorePerformance Of Sports And Performance Enhancing Drugs2051 Words   |  9 PagesPerformance Enhancers in Elite Sports Performance enhancing drugs are as old as sports themselves. Even the ancient athlete that competed in some of the first Olympic Games were know to use substances to boost their performance. It is on record that â€Å"Olympian Thomas Hicks won the marathon after receiving an injection of strychnine during the race in the third Olympiad†. (Savulescu, 1) It wasn’t until the 70’s that athletes began being tested for performance enhancing drugs and they became bannedRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Professional Sports1703 Words   |  7 Pagesthe use of performance enhancing drugs. The debate on whether or not performance enhancing substances should be allowed in professional sports has been going on for years, decades even. Many believe that using steroids and other performance enhancers should automatically disqualify an athlete from ever being able to be a member of the Hall of Fame, in sports in general, not just in Major League Baseball. However, there is an argument to be made to make the use of performance enhancing drugs legal inRead MoreSports and Performance Enhancing Drugs Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance enhancing drugs in todays pro sports have become a big deal, because of health stimulants and the benefits that such studies have on good development of the person and on fair athletic games. Pediatricians or traine rs can play a huge role in helping the athlete or player that is using or taking performance enhancing drugs. By taking factual info about the true benefits and medical problems of these drugs and giving information about healthy food and working out. Tries to create a changeRead More Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports In all areas of sports, professional, college, and even high school, there is widespread illegal use of performance-enhancing drugs. Although there are many reasons for athletes to choose to use these drugs, the cost of such use, both to the athlete and to society can be extraordinarily high. It is important to understand why performance-enhancing drugs are used and what are the consequences of their use to the athlete and society. One of theRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs Sports Today1476 Words   |  6 PagesResearch, period 3 December 15, 2013 Performance Enhancing Drugs In Sports Today Performance enhancing drugs, or steroids, have long been in the lifestyle of athletes. Many famous athletes like Barry Bonds, Alex Rodriguez, Marion Jones and Lance Armstrong have all confessed to the use of steroids. Celebrities like actor Charlie Sheen and ex Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, have also admitted to using steroids in the past. Performance enhancing drugs are a dangerous form of medicine

Bromobutane free essay sample

Majority of the time, to prepare alkyl halides is via the nucleophilic substitution reactions of alcohols. SN2 reaction is the type of reaction used in this lab experiment. Our objective was to see how a primary alkyl halide reacted with an alcohol. We did a conversion of n-butanol to 1-bromobutane. Br- ions is the nucleophile for this reaction which is generated from an aqueous solution of NaBr. The catalyst that converted the OH functional group of butanol to a better leaving group (H2O) was the Sulfuric Acid. [pic] Results. Theoretical Yield C4H9OH +  NaBr  -gt; C4H9Br + NaOH From 1-Butanol 20mL (butanol) x 0. 810g (butanol) x 1mole (butanol) x 1mole(bromobutane) x 137. 03g(bromobutane) = 29. 95 g of 1bromobutane 1. 00 mL(butanol) 74. 12g(butanol) 1mole(butanol)1mole (bromobutane) From NaBr 27g (NaBr) x 1mole (NaBr) x 1mole (bromobutane) x 137. 03g(bromobutane) = 35. 95 g of 1bromobutane 102. 91g (NaBr) 1 mole (NaBr) 1mole (bromobutane) % Yield = 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Bromobutane or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 74g / 29. 95 g = 15. 8% Volume ( 3. 8mL Mass ( 4. 74g 4. 74 / 3. 8 = 1. 246 g/mL After proceed with our four major operations that were refluxing, simple distillation, separation and drying, we could do our corresponding calculations. Refluxing was used to keep a reaction at a constant temperature. Simple distillation was used to help remove and purify a particular substance in that case was 1-bromobutane, from other components in the reaction flask. Separation was carried out because there was a high probability of other components in the distillate. And finally we used CaCl2 as a very good drying agent for a variety of solvents. So for instance, -butanol is the limiting reagent, theoretically 29. 95g of 1-bromobutane. Our percent yield was 15. 8% as showed in the calculations. Our volume was 1. 247 g/mL. And as finally our boliling point was 99C. Questions. †¢ Show the mechanism for the reaction perfomed in the laboratory [pic] †¢ The last step of the mechanism is an example of SN2 reaction. Why is it an SN2 reaction? Because the acid in the reaction protonated the alcoholic oxygen and the positive charge draws electrons away fro the C allowing the negative Bromide Ion to displace (SN2) the protonated oxygen as H2O. So for instance the reaction rate does depend on both the bromide ion and alcoholonium ion the reaction will be second order. †¢ Show by a mechanism how some 2-bromobutane could form as a by-product form this reaction The protonated alcohol can undergo elimination to form 1-butene which can then react with HBR to add by Markownikoff’s rule to the double bond to form 2-bromobutane [pic] †¢ Answer the question in footnote 3 below. The primary purpose of the sulfuric acid wash is to remove any unreacted 1-butanol. The acid protonates the OH group of the alcohol, converting it into its conjugate acid and increasing its solubility in the aqueous acid wash solution significantly. Why ? Butanol is protonated so then for sure it is more soluble in H2O and also is ionic. †¢ T-butyl bromide (2-bromo-2-methylpropane) can be prepared by simply taking t-butyl alcohol and shaking it with an aq solution HBr at room temperature. The reaction is much faster than with n-butyl alcohol and is essentially 100% complete within a few minutes. Give a mechanism for this reaction. What is this type of reaction called. (CH3)C-OH + HBr ===gt; (CH3)3C-OH2(+) + Br- CH3)3C-OH2(+) ===gt; (CH3)3C(+) + H2O (CH3)3C(+) + Br- ===gt; (CH3)3C-Br It is called the SN1 reaction. The great stability of the (CH3)C(+) ion accelerates the reaction. †¢ Remembering that SN2 reactions go with 100% inversion of configuration, while SN1 reactions lead to racemization, explain why the reaction of  ®-2butanol as in this experiment gives a mixture of about 75% (S)-2-bromobutane and about 25%  ®-2-bromobutane Ionizaton of optically pure alkyl halide/alcohols molecule leads to the planar, achiral or symmetrical carbocation with an empty p-orbital perpendicular to the plane. Addition of the nucleophile can take place at both sides of the carbocation with equal ease owing to the symmetry of carbocation, resulting in mixture, equal amounts of R and S. But in actual practice, depending on the nature of substrate, solvent and leaving group, there may be a preferred side for its attack by nucleophile, in resulting of a product that automatically will contain different amounts of the two enantiomers, for then to yield optically active product.